[DTrace-devel] [PATCH v2 4/7] python: Add cpython bindings for libdtrace

Alan Maguire alan.maguire at oracle.com
Wed May 27 18:50:00 UTC 2026


This set of bindings allows interaction with DTrace programs
from python using libdtrace interfaces under the hood.

The process is to

1. Instantiate a PyDTraceSession
2. Compile a program string via session.compile()
3. Enable probes via session.enable(program)
4. Control execution via session.go(), session.work(), session.stop()
5. Consume data: use session.work() to retrieve probe data

For example to run DTrace for 5 seconds, collecting systemcalls
aggregated by executable name and system call:

from dtrace import DTraceSession
import time

DURATION=5

PROGRAM = r"""
 syscall:::entry
 {
  @counts[execname, probefunc] = count();
 }
"""

with DTraceSession() as dt:
    prog = dt.compile(PROGRAM)
    info = dt.enable(prog)
    dt.go()
    end = time.monotonic() + DURATION
    print(f"Enabled program; matched {info['matches']} probes.")
    try:
        while time.monotonic() < end:
            time.sleep(0.1)       # reduce CPU burn when idle
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print(f"Exiting...\n")
    finally:
        dt.work()
        dt.stop()
        # Snapshot aggregations and display results
        dt.agg_snap()
        for record in dt.agg_walk("valrev"):
            print(f"{record['keys'][0]:<40} {record['keys'][1]:<40} {record['value']:<10}")

$ sudo python3 syscall.py
Enabled program; matched 367 probes.
python3                        pselect6                       50
ruby                           futex                          34

Python bindings are built by default, but specifying --without-python
to ./configure avoids building them.

Aggregation keys are represented as a list; if a key is a stack()
or ustack(), it is represented as an ordered list of symbols
from root to leaf.

Aggregation values are represented as integers for the most part;
quantized aggregation values are represented as a dict keyed by bucket.

See bindings/python/README.md for more details.

Signed-off-by: Alan Maguire <alan.maguire at oracle.com>
Assisted-by: OpenAI Codex CLI
---
 GNUmakefile                           |    2 +
 bindings/Build                        |   35 +
 bindings/python/README.md             |  167 +++
 bindings/python/pyproject.toml        |    3 +
 bindings/python/setup.py              |   52 +
 bindings/python/src/pydtrace_module.c | 1887 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 configure                             |    4 +-
 7 files changed, 2149 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 bindings/Build
 create mode 100644 bindings/python/README.md
 create mode 100644 bindings/python/pyproject.toml
 create mode 100644 bindings/python/setup.py
 create mode 100644 bindings/python/src/pydtrace_module.c

diff --git a/GNUmakefile b/GNUmakefile
index 10530f3c..a2f906cb 100644
--- a/GNUmakefile
+++ b/GNUmakefile
@@ -106,6 +106,8 @@ INSTPKGCONFIGDIR = $(DESTDIR)$(PKGCONFIGDIR)
 TESTDIR = $(LIBDIR)/dtrace/testsuite
 INSTTESTDIR = $(DESTDIR)$(TESTDIR)
 WITH_SYSTEMD = y
+WITH_PYTHON = y
+PYTHON ?= python3
 TARGETS =
 
 DTRACE ?= $(objdir)/dtrace
diff --git a/bindings/Build b/bindings/Build
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1ca74a2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bindings/Build
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Python bindings integration
+
+PYTHON_SRC_DIR := bindings/python
+PYTHON_BINDINGS_OUT := $(objdir)/bindings/python
+PYTHON_BINDINGS_STAMP := $(PYTHON_BINDINGS_OUT)/.built
+PYTHON_SITEARCH ?= $(shell $(PYTHON) -c 'import sysconfig; print(sysconfig.get_path("platlib"))')
+
+ifeq ($(WITH_PYTHON),y)
+TARGETS += bindings-python
+PHONIES += bindings-python install-python
+
+bindings-python: $(PYTHON_BINDINGS_STAMP)
+
+$(PYTHON_BINDINGS_STAMP): $(objdir)/libdtrace.so \
+	$(wildcard $(PYTHON_SRC_DIR)/src/*.c) \
+	$(PYTHON_SRC_DIR)/setup.py \
+	$(PYTHON_SRC_DIR)/pyproject.toml
+	$(call describe-target,PYTHON,$(PYTHON_BINDINGS_OUT))
+	mkdir -p $(PYTHON_BINDINGS_OUT)
+	cd $(PYTHON_SRC_DIR) && \
+		$(PYTHON) setup.py build_ext \
+	    --build-lib $(abspath $(PYTHON_BINDINGS_OUT)) \
+	    --build-temp $(abspath $(PYTHON_BINDINGS_OUT))/temp
+	touch $@
+
+install:: install-python
+
+install-python: $(PYTHON_BINDINGS_STAMP)
+	$(call describe-install-target,$(PYTHON_SITEARCH),$(notdir $(wildcard $(PYTHON_BINDINGS_OUT)/dtrace*.so)))
+	mkdir -p $(DESTDIR)$(PYTHON_SITEARCH)
+	install -m 755 $(PYTHON_BINDINGS_OUT)/dtrace*.so $(DESTDIR)$(PYTHON_SITEARCH)
+endif
+
+clean::
+	rm -rf $(PYTHON_BINDINGS_OUT)
diff --git a/bindings/python/README.md b/bindings/python/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0dd7bbd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bindings/python/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+# Python bindings for libdtrace
+
+This directory contains Python bindings for the `libdtrace` consumer API. The
+extension allows Python applications to compile D programs, enable and control
+tracing, and inspect aggregation results (including associative arrays) without
+shelling out to the `dtrace` CLI.
+
+## Requirements
+
+- Python 3.6 or newer
+- libdtrace
+- A working C compiler toolchain and Python development headers
+
+## Building and installing
+
+```bash
+# Build dtrace first (from repository root)
+$ make
+$ sudo make install
+```
+
+Alternatively you can install using pip:
+
+```
+# Install the bindings into your current Python environment
+$ cd bindings/python
+$ python3 -m pip install --upgrade build
+$ python3 -m pip install -e .
+```
+
+## Quick start
+
+```python
+from dtrace import DTraceSession
+
+program = """
+#pragma D option quiet
+syscall::open*:entry
+{
+    @counts[execname] = count();
+}
+"""
+
+with DTraceSession() as dt:
+    compiled = dt.compile(program)
+    dt.enable(compiled)
+    dt.go()
+    # ... run workload here ...
+    dt.work()
+    dt.agg_snap()
+    for entry in dt.agg_walk():
+        print(entry["keys"], entry["samples"], entry["value"])
+```
+
+## API Guide
+
+### Sessions and lifecycle
+
+`dtrace.DTraceSession` is the entry point. Sessions implement the context
+manager protocol so the recommended pattern is:
+
+```python
+from dtrace import DTraceSession
+
+with DTraceSession() as dt:
+    ...
+```
+
+Upon construction the binding calls `dtrace_open()`/`dtrace_init()` and installs
+its default buffer sizing (`aggsize`/`bufsize`). The session must remain open
+for the lifetime of any compiled programs or grabbed processes. If you create a
+session without a context manager, remember to call `close()` when finished.
+
+Use `setopt(option, value=None)` to tune libdtrace options before enabling a
+program. Any value is converted to a string; passing `None` clears an option.
+
+### Compiling and enabling programs
+
+`compile(program, cflags=0, argv=None, spec=DTRACE_PROBESPEC_NAME)` wraps
+`dtrace_program_strcompile()` and returns a `DTraceProgram` object bound to the
+session. The optional `argv` sequence is encoded to UTF-8 and supplied as the
+compiler argument vector. Each compiled program must be passed into
+`enable(program)` which returns a dictionary summarising the probe attributes
+(`aggregations`, `recgens`, `matches`, `speculations`, `descattr`, `stmtattr`).
+
+### Running the tracing loop
+
+Invoke `go(cflags=0)` to transition the session into a running state. Typical
+loops alternate between driving the consumer and handling results:
+
+```python
+dt.go()
+while dt.status() == dtrace.DTRACE_STATUS_OKAY:
+    status, probes = dt.work(return_records=True)
+    # inspect `probes`, drive workload, or break once done
+
+dt.stop()
+```
+
+`status()` wraps `dtrace_status()` but also reports synthetic values tracked by
+the binding when the traced processes exit or when an `exit()` action fires.
+`go()` may be followed by `update()` to re-scan loaded kernel modules if probes
+are added dynamically, and `stop()` can be called manually to halt collection.
+
+`work(return_records=False)` executes `dtrace_work()`. Its return value is a
+`(status, probes)` tuple where `status` is one of the exported
+`DTRACE_STATUS_*` constants and `probes` is a list of dictionaries describing
+each consumed probe firing. By default only the status is returned; passing
+`return_records=True` captures full probe metadata plus a list of record
+descriptors (size, action, alignment, raw bytes, and any libdtrace metadata).
+If you are just dealing with aggregations, there is no need to return records;
+aggregation snapshot walk is all you will need.
+
+### Aggregations and snapshots
+
+`agg_snap()` issues `dtrace_aggregate_snap()` to freeze the aggregation buffer;
+`agg_walk(mode="values")` walks that snapshot using the selected ordering mode
+(`"default"`, `"values"`, `"valrev"`, `"keys"`, etc.) and returns a list of
+entries. Each entry is a dictionary with:
+
+- `keys`: ordered list of aggregation keys.
+- `samples`: raw sample count collected for the entry.
+- `normal`: the normalisation factor applied to the aggregate (1 if unused).
+- `value`: the converted aggregate value.
+- `raw`: the raw byte payload backing `value`.
+
+Stacks produced by `stack()`, `ustack()`, or `jstack()` actions are converted to
+Python lists ordered from root to leaf (the binding inserts the deepest frame at
+the end of the list). Quantization actions (`quantize`, `lquantize`,
+`llquantize`) are represented as dictionaries mapping bucket identifiers to
+counts, already divided by any aggregation normaliser. Buckets use the same
+numeric semantics as libdtrace (e.g., powers-of-two for `quantize` or explicit
+boundaries for `lquantize`).
+
+The raw data remains available in `entry["raw"]` when you need the original
+binary layout, for example to re-run libdtrace helpers.
+
+### Process control helpers
+
+The binding exposes libdtrace process control for coordinated tracing:
+
+- `proc_create(args)` forks a new traced process, using the provided argument
+  list. It returns a `DTraceProc` wrapper that keeps the underlying handle.
+- `proc_grab_pid(pid)` attaches to an existing process by pid.
+- `proc_continue(proc)` resumes a previously created or grabbed process and
+  marks it as live so the session can detect when all traced processes exit.
+- `proc_release(proc)` releases libdtrace’s hold on the process once finished.
+
+`DTraceProc` currently exposes `getpid()` to query the grabbed pid. The session
+tracks how many processes are created or grabbed so that when the last one
+exits the consumer loop observes `DTRACE_STATUS_EXITED` and stops automatically.
+
+### Detecting completion or stop conditions
+
+The binding raises `DTraceError` when libdtrace reports failures. To detect a
+graceful stop, inspect either `status()` or the first element of the tuple
+returned by `work()`. When libdtrace reports `DTRACE_STATUS_STOPPED` or
+`DTRACE_STATUS_FILLED`, you can drain remaining data, call `agg_snap()`/
+`agg_walk()` if needed, and then `close()` the session. A session observing a
+`DTRACEACT_EXIT` record records the exit status internally, and a stopped state
+is reported even if `dtrace_status()` still returns `DTRACE_STATUS_OKAY`, so
+applications can rely on `status()` reflecting exits from traced processes.
+
+When running under a context manager, exiting the `with` block closes the
+session automatically, regardless of whether tracing finished normally or due
+to `stop()`.
+
diff --git a/bindings/python/pyproject.toml b/bindings/python/pyproject.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7b959378
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bindings/python/pyproject.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[build-system]
+requires = ["setuptools>=64", "wheel"]
+build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
diff --git a/bindings/python/setup.py b/bindings/python/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8be047b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bindings/python/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import List
+
+from setuptools import Extension, setup
+
+ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2]
+
+# Default include directories assume an in-tree build of libdtrace.
+default_include_dirs = [
+    str(ROOT / "include"),
+    str(ROOT / "libdtrace"),
+    str(ROOT / "include" / "dtrace"),
+    str(ROOT / "build"),
+]
+
+default_library_dirs: List[str] = []
+if (ROOT / "build").exists():
+    default_library_dirs.append(str(ROOT / "build"))
+
+extra_include = os.environ.get("DTRACE_INCLUDE_DIRS")
+if extra_include:
+    default_include_dirs.extend(p for p in extra_include.split(os.pathsep) if p)
+
+extra_library = os.environ.get("DTRACE_LIBRARY_DIRS")
+if extra_library:
+    default_library_dirs.extend(p for p in extra_library.split(os.pathsep) if p)
+
+extra_link_args = os.environ.get("DTRACE_EXTRA_LINK_ARGS", "").split()
+extra_compile_args = os.environ.get("DTRACE_EXTRA_COMPILE_ARGS", "").split()
+
+ext_modules = [
+    Extension(
+        "dtrace",
+        sources=["src/pydtrace_module.c"],
+        include_dirs=default_include_dirs,
+        libraries=["dtrace"],
+        library_dirs=default_library_dirs,
+        extra_compile_args=extra_compile_args,
+        extra_link_args=extra_link_args,
+    )
+]
+
+setup(
+    name="dtrace",
+    version="0.1.0",
+    description="Python bindings for libdtrace",
+    author="Oracle Linux DTrace maintainers",
+    license="UPL",
+    python_requires=">=3.6",
+    ext_modules=ext_modules,
+)
diff --git a/bindings/python/src/pydtrace_module.c b/bindings/python/src/pydtrace_module.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1fca3b68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bindings/python/src/pydtrace_module.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1887 @@
+/*
+ * Python bindings for libdtrace.
+ *
+ * This module exposes a thin object oriented wrapper around libdtrace so that
+ * Python applications can compile, enable, and control tracing programs while
+ * also consuming aggregation results as native Python objects.
+ *
+ * Oracle Linux DTrace is licensed under the Universal Permissive License v 1.0.
+ */
+
+#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
+#include <Python.h>
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+
+#include <dtrace.h>
+#include "dt_aggregate.h"
+#include "dt_math.h"
+
+#ifndef UNUSED
+#define UNUSED(x) ((void)(x))
+#endif
+
+typedef struct {
+    PyObject_HEAD
+    dtrace_hdl_t *dtp;
+    FILE *fp;
+    int pids;			/* pid()s _create()ed or grab()bed */
+    int pids_live;		/* _continue()d active processes */
+    int status;			/* EXITed or STOPPED */
+    int exit_status;
+    int closed;
+} PyDTraceSession;
+
+typedef struct {
+    PyObject_HEAD
+    PyDTraceSession *session;
+    dtrace_prog_t *prog;
+} PyDTraceProgram;
+
+typedef struct {
+    PyObject_HEAD
+    PyDTraceSession *session;
+    struct dtrace_proc *proc;
+} PyDTraceProc;
+
+static PyObject *PyExc_DTraceError = NULL;
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+/* Utility helpers                                                           */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static int
+ensure_open(PyDTraceSession *self)
+{
+    if (self->closed || self->dtp == NULL) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_DTraceError, "DTrace session is closed");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+raise_dtrace_error_with_code(dtrace_hdl_t *dtp, int error, const char *ctx)
+{
+    const char *msg = dtp != NULL ? dtrace_errmsg(dtp, error) : "unknown error";
+
+    if (ctx != NULL)
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_DTraceError, "%s: %s", ctx, msg);
+    else
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_DTraceError, msg);
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+raise_dtrace_error(PyDTraceSession *self, const char *ctx)
+{
+    int error = dtrace_errno(self->dtp);
+    return raise_dtrace_error_with_code(self->dtp, error, ctx);
+}
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+/* Aggregation walk context                                                  */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+typedef struct {
+    PyObject *list;
+    PyDTraceSession *session;
+} agg_walk_ctx_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    PyObject *probes;
+    PyObject *current_probe;
+    PyObject *records;
+    PyDTraceSession *session;
+    int capture;
+    int aborted;
+} work_ctx_t;
+
+static inline uint64_t
+read_uint(const void *addr, size_t size)
+{
+    switch (size) {
+    case 1:
+        return *((const uint8_t *)addr);
+    case 2:
+        return *((const uint16_t *)addr);
+    case 4:
+        return *((const uint32_t *)addr);
+    case 8:
+        return *((const uint64_t *)addr);
+    default:
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static inline int64_t
+read_sint(const void *addr, size_t size)
+{
+    switch (size) {
+    case 1:
+        return *((const int8_t *)addr);
+    case 2:
+        return *((const int16_t *)addr);
+    case 4:
+        return *((const int32_t *)addr);
+    case 8:
+        return *((const int64_t *)addr);
+    default:
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+bytes_or_string_from_buffer(const char *addr, size_t size)
+{
+    if (size == 0)
+        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
+
+    if (addr[size - 1] == '\0') {
+        size_t n = strnlen(addr, size);
+        return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(addr, (Py_ssize_t)n, "replace");
+    }
+
+    return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(addr, (Py_ssize_t)size);
+}
+
+static const char *
+agg_action_label(uint16_t action)
+{
+    switch (action) {
+    case DT_AGG_AVG:
+        return "avg";
+    case DT_AGG_COUNT:
+        return "count";
+    case DT_AGG_LLQUANTIZE:
+        return "llquantize";
+    case DT_AGG_LQUANTIZE:
+        return "lquantize";
+    case DT_AGG_MAX:
+        return "max";
+    case DT_AGG_MIN:
+        return "min";
+    case DT_AGG_QUANTIZE:
+        return "quantize";
+    case DT_AGG_STDDEV:
+        return "stddev";
+    case DT_AGG_SUM:
+        return "sum";
+    default:
+        return "unknown";
+    }
+}
+
+static inline PyObject *
+quant_dict_add(PyObject *dict, long long bucket, long long count)
+{
+    PyObject *key = PyLong_FromLongLong(bucket);
+    PyObject *val;
+
+    if (key == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    val = PyLong_FromLongLong(count);
+    if (val == NULL) {
+        Py_DECREF(key);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (PyDict_SetItem(dict, key, val) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(key);
+        Py_DECREF(val);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    Py_DECREF(key);
+    Py_DECREF(val);
+    return dict;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+convert_quantize(const int64_t *data, size_t nbins, uint64_t normal)
+{
+    PyObject *dict = PyDict_New();
+
+    if (dict == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (normal == 0)
+        normal = 1;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < nbins; i++) {
+        int64_t count = data[i];
+
+        if (count == 0)
+            continue;
+
+        count /= (int64_t)normal;
+        if (count == 0)
+            continue;
+
+        if (quant_dict_add(dict,
+                            DTRACE_QUANTIZE_BUCKETVAL((int)i),
+                            count) == NULL) {
+            Py_DECREF(dict);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return dict;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+convert_lquantize(const int64_t *data, uint64_t sig, size_t size,
+                  uint64_t normal)
+{
+    uint16_t levels = DTRACE_LQUANTIZE_LEVELS(sig);
+    uint16_t step = DTRACE_LQUANTIZE_STEP(sig);
+    int32_t base = DTRACE_LQUANTIZE_BASE(sig);
+    size_t expected;
+    PyObject *dict;
+
+    if (normal == 0)
+        normal = 1;
+
+    expected = (size_t)(levels + 2) * sizeof(uint64_t);
+    if (size != expected)
+        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((const char *)data, (Py_ssize_t)size);
+
+    dict = PyDict_New();
+    if (dict == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    for (uint16_t i = 0; i < levels + 2; i++) {
+        int64_t count = data[i];
+        long long bucket;
+
+        if (count == 0)
+            continue;
+
+        count /= (int64_t)normal;
+        if (count == 0)
+            continue;
+
+        if (i == 0)
+            bucket = base - 1;
+        else if (i == levels + 1)
+            bucket = base + (long long)levels * step;
+        else
+            bucket = base + (long long)(i - 1) * step;
+
+        if (quant_dict_add(dict, bucket, count) == NULL) {
+            Py_DECREF(dict);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return dict;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+convert_llquantize(const int64_t *data, uint64_t sig, size_t size,
+                   uint64_t normal)
+{
+    int factor = DTRACE_LLQUANTIZE_FACTOR(sig);
+    int lmag = DTRACE_LLQUANTIZE_LMAG(sig);
+    int hmag = DTRACE_LLQUANTIZE_HMAG(sig);
+    int steps = DTRACE_LLQUANTIZE_STEPS(sig);
+    int steps_factor = steps / factor;
+    int bin0;
+    size_t nbins;
+    PyObject *dict;
+
+    if (normal == 0)
+        normal = 1;
+
+    bin0 = 1 + (hmag - lmag + 1) * (steps - steps_factor);
+    nbins = (size_t)(hmag - lmag + 1) * (steps - steps_factor) * 2 + 3;
+
+    if (size != nbins * sizeof(uint64_t))
+        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((const char *)data, (Py_ssize_t)size);
+
+    dict = PyDict_New();
+    if (dict == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < nbins; i++) {
+        int64_t count = data[i];
+        long long bucket;
+
+        if (count == 0)
+            continue;
+
+        count /= (int64_t)normal;
+        if (count == 0)
+            continue;
+
+        if (i == 0)
+            bucket = -(long long)powl((double)factor, (double)(hmag + 1));
+        else if (i == nbins - 1)
+            bucket = (long long)powl((double)factor, (double)(hmag + 1));
+        else if (i == (size_t)bin0) {
+            bucket = 0;
+        } else {
+            int left = (int)i - bin0;
+            int is_neg = left < 0;
+            int steps_rem = is_neg ? bin0 - (int)i : left;
+            long long scale;
+            int mag = lmag;
+
+            if (steps_rem == 0) {
+                bucket = 0;
+                goto have_bucket;
+            }
+
+            if (lmag == 0 && steps > factor) {
+                for (int val = 2; val <= factor && steps_rem > 0; val++) {
+                    steps_rem -= steps_factor;
+                    if (steps_rem == 0) {
+                        bucket = is_neg ? -val : val;
+                        goto have_bucket;
+                    }
+                }
+                mag++;
+            }
+
+            scale = (long long)(powl((double)factor, (double)(mag + 1)) / (double)steps);
+
+            while (mag <= hmag) {
+                for (int step = steps_factor + 1; step <= steps; step++) {
+                    steps_rem--;
+                    if (steps_rem == 0) {
+                        bucket = step * scale;
+                        if (is_neg)
+                            bucket = -bucket;
+                        goto have_bucket;
+                    }
+                }
+                scale *= factor;
+                mag++;
+            }
+
+            bucket = is_neg ? -(long long)powl((double)factor, (double)(hmag + 1))
+                             : (long long)powl((double)factor, (double)(hmag + 1));
+        }
+
+have_bucket:
+        if (quant_dict_add(dict, bucket, count) == NULL) {
+            Py_DECREF(dict);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return dict;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+convert_quantized(const dtrace_recdesc_t *rec, caddr_t base, uint64_t normal,
+                  const dtrace_aggdata_t *aggdata)
+{
+    caddr_t addr = base + rec->dtrd_offset;
+    size_t size = rec->dtrd_size;
+    const int64_t *data = (const int64_t *)addr;
+    const dtrace_aggdesc_t *agg = aggdata ? aggdata->dtada_desc : NULL;
+    uint64_t sig = agg ? agg->dtagd_sig : 0;
+
+    switch (rec->dtrd_action) {
+    case DT_AGG_QUANTIZE:
+        if (size % sizeof(uint64_t) != 0)
+            return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((const char *)addr, (Py_ssize_t)size);
+        return convert_quantize(data, size / sizeof(uint64_t), normal);
+    case DT_AGG_LQUANTIZE:
+        if (sig == 0)
+            return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((const char *)addr, (Py_ssize_t)size);
+        return convert_lquantize(data, sig, size, normal);
+    case DT_AGG_LLQUANTIZE:
+        if (sig == 0)
+            return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((const char *)addr, (Py_ssize_t)size);
+        return convert_llquantize(data, sig, size, normal);
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+
+    return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((const char *)addr, (Py_ssize_t)size);
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+convert_record_value(PyDTraceSession *session, const dtrace_recdesc_t *rec,
+                     caddr_t base, uint64_t normal,
+                     const dtrace_aggdata_t *aggdata)
+{
+    caddr_t addr = base + rec->dtrd_offset;
+    size_t size = rec->dtrd_size;
+    const uint64_t *words = (const uint64_t *)addr;
+    uint32_t depth = 0, tgid = 0;
+    char buf[PATH_MAX * 2];
+    PyObject *sym;
+    uint64_t pc;
+    int len;
+
+    switch (rec->dtrd_action) {
+    case DT_AGG_AVG: {
+        if (size < sizeof(int64_t) * 2)
+            return PyFloat_FromDouble(0.0);
+
+        const int64_t *data = (const int64_t *)addr;
+        if (data[0] == 0)
+            return PyFloat_FromDouble(0.0);
+
+        long double avg = (long double)data[1] / (long double)normal / (long double)data[0];
+        return PyFloat_FromDouble((double)avg);
+    }
+
+    case DT_AGG_SUM:
+    case DT_AGG_MIN:
+    case DT_AGG_MAX:
+    case DT_AGG_COUNT: {
+        int64_t value = read_sint(addr, size);
+        value /= (int64_t)normal;
+        return PyLong_FromLongLong(value);
+    }
+
+    case DT_AGG_STDDEV: {
+        uint64_t stddev = dt_stddev((uint64_t *)addr, normal);
+
+        return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(stddev);
+    }
+    case DT_AGG_QUANTIZE:
+    case DT_AGG_LQUANTIZE:
+    case DT_AGG_LLQUANTIZE:
+        return convert_quantized(rec, base, normal, aggdata);
+
+    case DTRACEACT_JSTACK:
+    case DTRACEACT_USTACK:
+    case DTRACEACT_STACK: {
+        depth = *(uint32_t *)words;
+        uint32_t frames = depth < rec->dtrd_size / sizeof(uint64_t) ?
+                          depth : (uint32_t)(rec->dtrd_size / sizeof(uint64_t));
+        PyObject *list = PyList_New((Py_ssize_t)0);
+        if (list == NULL)
+            return NULL;
+
+        if (rec->dtrd_action != DTRACEACT_STACK)
+            tgid = ((uint32_t *)words)[3];
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < frames; i++) {
+            pc = words[i + 2];
+
+            if (pc == 0)
+                break;
+            len = rec->dtrd_action != DTRACEACT_STACK ?
+                  dtrace_uaddr2str(session->dtp, tgid, pc, buf, sizeof(buf)) :
+                  dtrace_addr2str(session->dtp, pc, buf, sizeof(buf));
+            if (len < 0) {
+                Py_DECREF(list);
+                return raise_dtrace_error(session, "dtrace_addr2str");
+            }
+            PyObject *frame = PyUnicode_FromString(buf);
+            if (frame == NULL) {
+                Py_DECREF(list);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            PyList_Insert(list, 0, frame);
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+    case DTRACEACT_SYM:
+    case DTRACEACT_MOD: {
+        pc = words[0];
+        dtrace_syminfo_t dts;
+
+        if (dtrace_lookup_by_addr(session->dtp, pc, NULL, &dts) == 0) {
+            if (rec->dtrd_action == DTRACEACT_SYM)
+                snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s`%s", dts.object, dts.name);
+            else
+                snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s", dts.object);
+        } else {
+            snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "0x%llx", (unsigned long long)pc);
+        }
+        sym = PyUnicode_FromString(buf);
+        if (sym == NULL)
+            return NULL;
+        return sym;
+    }
+    case DTRACEACT_UADDR: {
+        tgid = ((uint32_t *)words)[0];
+        pc = words[1];
+        len = dtrace_uaddr2str(session->dtp, tgid, pc, buf, sizeof(buf));
+        if (len < 0)
+            return raise_dtrace_error(session, "dtrace_addr2str");
+        sym = PyUnicode_FromString(buf);
+        if (sym == NULL)
+            return NULL;
+        return sym;
+    }
+    /*
+     * These two functions require grabbing pid lock etc, no interfaces yet
+     * in libdtrace for this.
+     */
+    case DTRACEACT_USYM:
+    case DTRACEACT_UMOD:
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+
+    switch (size) {
+    case 1:
+    case 2:
+    case 4:
+    case 8: {
+        int64_t value = read_sint(addr, size);
+        value /= (int64_t)normal;
+        return PyLong_FromLongLong(value);
+    }
+    default:
+        return bytes_or_string_from_buffer((const char *)addr, size);
+    }
+}
+
+static inline int
+key_requires_format(dtrace_actkind_t action)
+{
+    switch (action) {
+    case DTRACEACT_STACK:
+    case DTRACEACT_USTACK:
+    case DTRACEACT_JSTACK:
+    case DTRACEACT_SYM:
+    case DTRACEACT_USYM:
+    case DTRACEACT_MOD:
+    case DTRACEACT_UMOD:
+    case DTRACEACT_UADDR:
+        return 1;
+    default:
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+convert_aggdata(PyDTraceSession *session, agg_walk_ctx_t *ctx,
+                const dtrace_aggdata_t *aggdata)
+{
+    const dtrace_aggdesc_t *agg = aggdata->dtada_desc;
+    const dtrace_recdesc_t *counter_rec = &agg->dtagd_drecs[DT_AGGDATA_COUNTER];
+    const dtrace_recdesc_t *value_rec = &agg->dtagd_drecs[DT_AGGDATA_RECORD];
+    PyObject *entry = PyDict_New();
+
+    if (entry == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    PyObject *name = agg->dtagd_name != NULL ? PyUnicode_FromString(agg->dtagd_name) : Py_None;
+    if (name == NULL)
+        goto error;
+    if (name == Py_None)
+        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+    if (PyDict_SetItemString(entry, "name", name) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(name);
+        goto error;
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(name);
+
+    PyObject *aggid = PyLong_FromLong(agg->dtagd_varid);
+    if (aggid == NULL)
+        goto error;
+    if (PyDict_SetItemString(entry, "id", aggid) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(aggid);
+        goto error;
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(aggid);
+
+    PyObject *action = PyUnicode_FromString(agg_action_label(value_rec->dtrd_action));
+    if (action == NULL)
+        goto error;
+    if (PyDict_SetItemString(entry, "action", action) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(action);
+        goto error;
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(action);
+
+    PyObject *keys = PyList_New(0);
+    if (keys == NULL)
+        goto error;
+
+    for (uint_t i = 1; i < agg->dtagd_nkrecs; i++) {
+        const dtrace_recdesc_t *rec = &agg->dtagd_krecs[i];
+        PyObject *item = convert_record_value(session,
+                                           rec, aggdata->dtada_key, 0, aggdata);
+
+        if (item == NULL) {
+            Py_DECREF(keys);
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        if (PyList_Append(keys, item) < 0) {
+            Py_DECREF(item);
+            Py_DECREF(keys);
+            goto error;
+        }
+        Py_DECREF(item);
+    }
+
+    if (PyDict_SetItemString(entry, "keys", keys) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(keys);
+        goto error;
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(keys);
+
+    uint64_t samples = read_uint(aggdata->dtada_data + counter_rec->dtrd_offset,
+                                 counter_rec->dtrd_size);
+    PyObject *samples_obj = PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(samples);
+    if (samples_obj == NULL)
+        goto error;
+    if (PyDict_SetItemString(entry, "samples", samples_obj) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(samples_obj);
+        goto error;
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(samples_obj);
+
+    uint64_t normal = agg->dtagd_normal ? agg->dtagd_normal : 1;
+    PyObject *normal_obj = PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(normal);
+    if (normal_obj == NULL)
+        goto error;
+    if (PyDict_SetItemString(entry, "normal", normal_obj) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(normal_obj);
+        goto error;
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(normal_obj);
+
+    PyObject *value = convert_record_value(session, value_rec, aggdata->dtada_data, normal, aggdata);
+    if (value == NULL)
+        goto error;
+    if (PyDict_SetItemString(entry, "value", value) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(value);
+        goto error;
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(value);
+
+    PyObject *raw = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(
+        (const char *)(aggdata->dtada_data + value_rec->dtrd_offset),
+        (Py_ssize_t)value_rec->dtrd_size);
+    if (raw == NULL)
+        goto error;
+    if (PyDict_SetItemString(entry, "raw", raw) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(raw);
+        goto error;
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(raw);
+
+    return entry;
+
+error:
+    Py_DECREF(entry);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static int
+agg_walk_callback(const dtrace_aggdata_t *aggdata, void *arg)
+{
+    agg_walk_ctx_t *ctx = (agg_walk_ctx_t *)arg;
+    PyObject *entry = convert_aggdata(ctx->session, ctx, aggdata);
+
+    if (entry == NULL)
+        return DTRACE_AGGWALK_ERROR;
+
+    if (PyList_Append(ctx->list, entry) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(entry);
+        return DTRACE_AGGWALK_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    Py_DECREF(entry);
+    return DTRACE_AGGWALK_NEXT;
+}
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+/* PyDTraceProgram                                                           */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void
+PyDTraceProgram_dealloc(PyDTraceProgram *self)
+{
+    if (self->session)
+        Py_XDECREF(self->session);
+    PyObject_Del(self);
+}
+
+static PyTypeObject PyDTraceProgramType;
+
+static PyObject *
+PyDTraceProgram_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+{
+    UNUSED(args);
+    UNUSED(kwds);
+    PyDTraceProgram *self = (PyDTraceProgram *)type->tp_alloc(type, 0);
+    if (self != NULL) {
+        self->session = NULL;
+        self->prog = NULL;
+    }
+    return (PyObject *)self;
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef PyDTraceProgram_methods[] = {
+    {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
+};
+
+static PyTypeObject PyDTraceProgramType = {
+    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
+    .tp_name = "dtrace.DTraceProgram",
+    .tp_basicsize = sizeof(PyDTraceProgram),
+    .tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,
+    .tp_new = PyDTraceProgram_new,
+    .tp_dealloc = (destructor)PyDTraceProgram_dealloc,
+    .tp_methods = PyDTraceProgram_methods,
+};
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+/* PyDTraceSession                                                           */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void
+PyDTraceSession_dealloc(PyDTraceSession *self)
+{
+    if (self->dtp != NULL && !self->closed) {
+	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+        dtrace_close(self->dtp);
+	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+    }
+    self->dtp = NULL;
+    if (self->fp)
+	    fclose(self->fp);
+    self->closed = 1;
+    PyObject_Del(self);
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+PyDTraceSession_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+{
+    UNUSED(args);
+    UNUSED(kwds);
+    PyDTraceSession *self = (PyDTraceSession *)type->tp_alloc(type, 0);
+    if (self != NULL) {
+        self->dtp = NULL;
+        self->closed = 1;
+    }
+    return (PyObject *)self;
+}
+
+static void
+prochandler(pid_t pid, const char *msg, void *arg)
+{
+    PyDTraceSession *self = arg;
+
+    if (pid < 0 && self->pids_live) {
+        self->pids_live--;
+        if (self->pids_live == 0)
+            dtrace_stop(self->dtp);
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+PyDTraceSession_init(PyDTraceSession *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+{
+    static char *kwlist[] = {"version", "flags", NULL};
+    int version = DTRACE_VERSION;
+    unsigned int flags = 0;
+    int err = 0;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "|Ii", kwlist,
+                                     &version, &flags))
+        return -1;
+
+    self->dtp = dtrace_open(version, flags, &err);
+    if (self->dtp == NULL)
+        return raise_dtrace_error_with_code(NULL, err, "dtrace_open") == NULL ? -1 : -1;
+
+    self->fp = fopen("/dev/null", "a");
+    if (dtrace_init(self->dtp) != 0) {
+        raise_dtrace_error(self, "dtrace_init");
+        dtrace_close(self->dtp);
+	fclose(self->fp);
+        self->dtp = NULL;
+	self->fp = NULL;
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (dtrace_handle_proc(self->dtp, &prochandler, self) != 0 ||
+        dtrace_setopt(self->dtp, "aggsize", "4m") != 0 ||
+	dtrace_setopt(self->dtp, "bufsize", "4m") != 0) {
+	raise_dtrace_error(self, "dtrace_setopt");
+	dtrace_close(self->dtp);
+	fclose(self->fp);
+	self->dtp = NULL;
+	self->fp = NULL;
+	return -1;
+    }
+    self->closed = 0;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+PyDTraceSession_close(PyDTraceSession *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
+{
+    if (!self->closed && self->dtp != NULL) {
+	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+        dtrace_close(self->dtp);
+	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+	fclose(self->fp);
+        self->dtp = NULL;
+	self->fp = NULL;
+        self->closed = 1;
+    }
+
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+PyDTraceSession_enter(PyDTraceSession *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
+{
+    if (ensure_open(self) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    Py_INCREF(self);
+    return (PyObject *)self;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+PyDTraceSession_exit(PyDTraceSession *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    UNUSED(args);
+
+    if (!self->closed && self->dtp != NULL) {
+	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+        dtrace_close(self->dtp);
+	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+        self->dtp = NULL;
+        self->closed = 1;
+    }
+
+    Py_RETURN_FALSE;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+PyDTraceSession_setopt(PyDTraceSession *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+{
+    static char *kwlist[] = {"option", "value", NULL};
+    const char *opt = NULL;
+    PyObject *value_obj = Py_None;
+    PyObject *value_str = NULL;
+    const char *cvalue = NULL;
+
+    if (ensure_open(self) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "s|O", kwlist,
+                                     &opt, &value_obj))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (value_obj == Py_None) {
+        cvalue = NULL;
+    } else {
+        PyObject *string_obj = PyObject_Str(value_obj);
+        if (string_obj == NULL)
+            return NULL;
+        value_str = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(string_obj, "utf-8", "replace");
+        Py_DECREF(string_obj);
+        if (value_str == NULL)
+            return NULL;
+        cvalue = PyBytes_AS_STRING(value_str);
+    }
+
+    if (dtrace_setopt(self->dtp, opt, cvalue) != 0) {
+        Py_XDECREF(value_str);
+        return raise_dtrace_error(self, "dtrace_setopt");
+    }
+
+    Py_XDECREF(value_str);
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Need a lock because compilation uses global state; we would like to remove
+ * this eventually.
+ */
+pthread_mutex_t compile_lock = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
+
+static PyObject *
+PyDTraceSession_compile(PyDTraceSession *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+{
+    static char *kwlist[] = {"program", "cflags", "argv", "spec", NULL};
+    const char *source = NULL;
+    unsigned int cflags = 0;
+    PyObject *argv_obj = NULL;
+    int spec = DTRACE_PROBESPEC_NAME;
+    PyObject *argv_seq = NULL;
+    char **argv = NULL;
+    PyObject **encoded = NULL;
+    Py_ssize_t argc = 0;
+    dtrace_prog_t *prog = NULL;
+    PyDTraceProgram *wrapper = NULL;
+
+    if (ensure_open(self) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "s|IOi", kwlist,
+                                     &source, &cflags, &argv_obj, &spec))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (argv_obj != NULL && argv_obj != Py_None) {
+        argv_seq = PySequence_Fast(argv_obj, "argv must be a sequence of strings");
+        if (argv_seq == NULL)
+            return NULL;
+
+        argc = PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE(argv_seq);
+        if (argc > 0) {
+            Py_ssize_t i;
+
+            argv = PyMem_Calloc((size_t)argc + 1, sizeof(char *));
+            encoded = PyMem_Calloc((size_t)argc, sizeof(PyObject *));
+            if (argv == NULL || encoded == NULL) {
+                PyMem_Free(argv);
+                PyMem_Free(encoded);
+                Py_DECREF(argv_seq);
+                return PyErr_NoMemory();
+            }
+
+            for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+                PyObject *item = PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(argv_seq, i);
+                PyObject *string_obj = PyObject_Str(item);
+                if (string_obj == NULL) {
+                    Py_DECREF(argv_seq);
+                    goto compile_error;
+                }
+                encoded[i] = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(string_obj, "utf-8", "replace");
+                Py_DECREF(string_obj);
+                if (encoded[i] == NULL) {
+                    Py_DECREF(argv_seq);
+                    goto compile_error;
+                }
+                argv[i] = PyBytes_AS_STRING(encoded[i]);
+            }
+	    argv[i] = NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pthread_mutex_lock(&compile_lock);
+    prog = dtrace_program_strcompile(self->dtp, source,
+                                     (dtrace_probespec_t)spec,
+                                     cflags,
+                                     (int)argc,
+                                     argv);
+    pthread_mutex_unlock(&compile_lock);
+
+    Py_XDECREF(argv_seq);
+
+    if (prog == NULL) {
+        for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < argc; i++)
+            Py_XDECREF(encoded[i]);
+        PyMem_Free(encoded);
+        PyMem_Free(argv);
+        return raise_dtrace_error(self, "dtrace_program_strcompile");
+    }
+
+    wrapper = (PyDTraceProgram *)PyObject_CallObject((PyObject *)&PyDTraceProgramType, NULL);
+    if (wrapper == NULL) {
+        for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < argc; i++)
+            Py_XDECREF(encoded[i]);
+        PyMem_Free(encoded);
+        PyMem_Free(argv);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    Py_INCREF(self);
+    wrapper->session = self;
+    wrapper->prog = prog;
+
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < argc; i++)
+        Py_XDECREF(encoded[i]);
+    PyMem_Free(encoded);
+    PyMem_Free(argv);
+
+    return (PyObject *)wrapper;
+
+compile_error:
+    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < argc; i++)
+        Py_XDECREF(encoded[i]);
+    PyMem_Free(encoded);
+    PyMem_Free(argv);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+PyDTraceSession_enable(PyDTraceSession *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+{
+    static char *kwlist[] = {"program", NULL};
+    PyDTraceProgram *program = NULL;
+    dtrace_proginfo_t info;
+    PyObject *result = NULL;
+    PyObject *tmp = NULL;
+    PyObject *attr = NULL;
+
+    if (ensure_open(self) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "O!", kwlist,
+                                     &PyDTraceProgramType, &program))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (program->session != self) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "program was created by a different session");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    memset(&info, 0, sizeof(info));
+
+    if (dtrace_program_exec(self->dtp, program->prog, &info) != 0)
+        return raise_dtrace_error(self, "dtrace_program_exec");
+
+    result = PyDict_New();
+    if (result == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    tmp = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(info.dpi_aggregates);
+    if (tmp == NULL || PyDict_SetItemString(result, "aggregations", tmp) < 0)
+        goto enable_error;
+    Py_DECREF(tmp);
+
+    tmp = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(info.dpi_recgens);
+    if (tmp == NULL || PyDict_SetItemString(result, "recgens", tmp) < 0)
+        goto enable_error;
+    Py_DECREF(tmp);
+
+    tmp = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(info.dpi_matches);
+    if (tmp == NULL || PyDict_SetItemString(result, "matches", tmp) < 0)
+        goto enable_error;
+    Py_DECREF(tmp);
+
+    tmp = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(info.dpi_speculations);
+    if (tmp == NULL || PyDict_SetItemString(result, "speculations", tmp) < 0)
+        goto enable_error;
+    Py_DECREF(tmp);
+
+    attr = PyDict_New();
+    if (attr == NULL)
+        goto enable_error;
+
+    tmp = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(info.dpi_descattr.dtat_name);
+    if (tmp == NULL || PyDict_SetItemString(attr, "name", tmp) < 0)
+        goto enable_error;
+    Py_DECREF(tmp);
+
+    tmp = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(info.dpi_descattr.dtat_data);
+    if (tmp == NULL || PyDict_SetItemString(attr, "data", tmp) < 0)
+        goto enable_error;
+    Py_DECREF(tmp);
+
+    tmp = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(info.dpi_descattr.dtat_class);
+    if (tmp == NULL || PyDict_SetItemString(attr, "class", tmp) < 0)
+        goto enable_error;
+    Py_DECREF(tmp);
+
+    if (PyDict_SetItemString(result, "descattr", attr) < 0)
+        goto enable_error;
+    Py_DECREF(attr);
+    attr = NULL;
+
+    attr = PyDict_New();
+    if (attr == NULL)
+        goto enable_error;
+
+    tmp = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(info.dpi_stmtattr.dtat_name);
+    if (tmp == NULL || PyDict_SetItemString(attr, "name", tmp) < 0)
+        goto enable_error;
+    Py_DECREF(tmp);
+
+    tmp = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(info.dpi_stmtattr.dtat_data);
+    if (tmp == NULL || PyDict_SetItemString(attr, "data", tmp) < 0)
+        goto enable_error;
+    Py_DECREF(tmp);
+
+    tmp = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(info.dpi_stmtattr.dtat_class);
+    if (tmp == NULL || PyDict_SetItemString(attr, "class", tmp) < 0)
+        goto enable_error;
+    Py_DECREF(tmp);
+
+    if (PyDict_SetItemString(result, "stmtattr", attr) < 0)
+        goto enable_error;
+    Py_DECREF(attr);
+    attr = NULL;
+
+    return result;
+
+enable_error:
+    Py_XDECREF(attr);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+    Py_DECREF(result);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+PyDTraceSession_go(PyDTraceSession *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+{
+    static char *kwlist[] = {"cflags", NULL};
+    unsigned int cflags = 0;
+    int rc;
+
+    if (ensure_open(self) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "|I", kwlist, &cflags))
+        return NULL;
+
+    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+    rc = dtrace_go(self->dtp, cflags);
+    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+
+    if (rc != 0)
+        return raise_dtrace_error(self, "dtrace_go");
+
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+PyDTraceSession_stop(PyDTraceSession *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
+{
+    if (ensure_open(self) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (dtrace_stop(self->dtp) != 0)
+        return raise_dtrace_error(self, "dtrace_stop");
+
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+PyDTraceSession_update(PyDTraceSession *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
+{
+    if (ensure_open(self) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (dtrace_update(self->dtp) != 0)
+        return raise_dtrace_error(self, "dtrace_update");
+
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+PyDTraceSession_status(PyDTraceSession *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
+{
+    if (ensure_open(self) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    int status = dtrace_status(self->dtp);
+    if (status == DTRACE_STATUS_ERROR)
+        return raise_dtrace_error(self, "dtrace_status");
+    /*
+     * We maintain some local status too for forced exit (see consume_rec()
+     * below)
+     */
+    if (status == DTRACE_STATUS_OKAY && self->status)
+	status = self->status;
+    return PyLong_FromLong(status);
+}
+
+static int
+consume_rec(const dtrace_probedata_t *data, const dtrace_recdesc_t *rec, void *arg)
+{
+    work_ctx_t *ctx = arg;
+    PyDTraceSession *self = ctx->session;
+    dtrace_actkind_t act;
+    uintptr_t addr;
+
+    if (!rec)
+        return DTRACE_CONSUME_NEXT;
+
+    act = rec->dtrd_action;
+    addr = (uintptr_t)data->dtpda_data;
+
+    switch (act) {
+    case DTRACEACT_EXIT:
+	self->exit_status = *(uint32_t *)addr;
+	self->status = DTRACE_STATUS_EXITED;
+        return DTRACE_CONSUME_NEXT;
+    default:
+        if (!ctx->capture || ctx->current_probe == NULL)
+            return DTRACE_CONSUME_THIS;
+
+        PyObject *record = PyDict_New();
+        PyObject *records = ctx->records;
+
+        if (record == NULL || records == NULL)
+            goto error;
+
+        PyObject *action = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(act);
+        PyObject *size = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(rec->dtrd_size);
+        PyObject *offset = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(rec->dtrd_offset);
+        PyObject *alignment = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(rec->dtrd_alignment);
+        PyObject *arg_obj = PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(rec->dtrd_arg);
+        PyObject *raw = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(
+            (const char *)(data->dtpda_data + rec->dtrd_offset), rec->dtrd_size);
+
+        if (action == NULL || size == NULL || offset == NULL || alignment == NULL ||
+            arg_obj == NULL || raw == NULL)
+            goto error_record;
+
+        if (PyDict_SetItemString(record, "action", action) < 0)
+            goto error_record;
+        if (PyDict_SetItemString(record, "size", size) < 0)
+            goto error_record;
+        if (PyDict_SetItemString(record, "offset", offset) < 0)
+            goto error_record;
+        if (PyDict_SetItemString(record, "alignment", alignment) < 0)
+            goto error_record;
+        if (PyDict_SetItemString(record, "arg", arg_obj) < 0)
+            goto error_record;
+        if (PyDict_SetItemString(record, "data", raw) < 0)
+            goto error_record;
+
+        Py_DECREF(action);
+        Py_DECREF(size);
+        Py_DECREF(offset);
+        Py_DECREF(alignment);
+        Py_DECREF(arg_obj);
+        Py_DECREF(raw);
+
+        if (PyList_Append(records, record) < 0)
+            goto error_record;
+        Py_DECREF(record);
+
+        return DTRACE_CONSUME_THIS;
+
+error_record:
+        Py_XDECREF(action);
+        Py_XDECREF(size);
+        Py_XDECREF(offset);
+        Py_XDECREF(alignment);
+        Py_XDECREF(arg_obj);
+        Py_XDECREF(raw);
+        Py_XDECREF(record);
+
+error:
+        ctx->aborted = 1;
+        return DTRACE_CONSUME_ABORT;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+consume_probe(const dtrace_probedata_t *data, void *arg)
+{
+    work_ctx_t *ctx = arg;
+
+    if (!ctx->capture)
+        return DTRACE_CONSUME_THIS;
+
+    PyObject *probe = PyDict_New();
+    PyObject *records = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *stid = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long)data->dtpda_stid);
+    PyObject *cpu = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(data->dtpda_cpu);
+    PyObject *flow = PyLong_FromLong(data->dtpda_flow);
+    PyObject *indent = PyLong_FromLong(data->dtpda_indent);
+    PyObject *prefix = NULL;
+
+    if (probe == NULL || records == NULL || stid == NULL || cpu == NULL ||
+        flow == NULL || indent == NULL)
+        goto error;
+
+    if (PyDict_SetItemString(probe, "stid", stid) < 0)
+        goto error;
+    if (PyDict_SetItemString(probe, "cpu", cpu) < 0)
+        goto error;
+    if (PyDict_SetItemString(probe, "flow", flow) < 0)
+        goto error;
+    if (PyDict_SetItemString(probe, "indent", indent) < 0)
+        goto error;
+    if (PyDict_SetItemString(probe, "records", records) < 0)
+        goto error;
+
+    if (data->dtpda_prefix != NULL) {
+        prefix = PyUnicode_FromString(data->dtpda_prefix);
+        if (prefix == NULL)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyDict_SetItemString(probe, "prefix", prefix) < 0)
+            goto error;
+    }
+
+    if (data->dtpda_ddesc != NULL) {
+        PyObject *argc = PyLong_FromLong(data->dtpda_ddesc->dtdd_nrecs);
+        PyObject *user_data = PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(data->dtpda_ddesc->dtdd_uarg);
+
+        if (argc == NULL || user_data == NULL)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyDict_SetItemString(probe, "argc", argc) < 0) {
+            Py_DECREF(argc);
+            Py_DECREF(user_data);
+            goto error;
+        }
+        Py_DECREF(argc);
+        if (PyDict_SetItemString(probe, "user_data", user_data) < 0) {
+            Py_DECREF(user_data);
+            goto error;
+        }
+        Py_DECREF(user_data);
+    }
+
+    if (data->dtpda_pdesc != NULL) {
+        const dtrace_probedesc_t *pdesc = data->dtpda_pdesc;
+        PyObject *info = PyDict_New();
+        PyObject *id = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(pdesc->id);
+
+        if (info == NULL || id == NULL)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyDict_SetItemString(info, "id", id) < 0) {
+            Py_DECREF(id);
+            Py_DECREF(info);
+            goto error;
+        }
+        Py_DECREF(id);
+
+        if (pdesc->prv != NULL) {
+            PyObject *prv = PyUnicode_FromString(pdesc->prv);
+            if (prv == NULL) {
+                Py_DECREF(info);
+                goto error;
+            }
+            if (PyDict_SetItemString(info, "provider", prv) < 0) {
+                Py_DECREF(prv);
+                Py_DECREF(info);
+                goto error;
+            }
+            Py_DECREF(prv);
+        }
+
+        if (pdesc->mod != NULL) {
+            PyObject *mod = PyUnicode_FromString(pdesc->mod);
+            if (mod == NULL) {
+                Py_DECREF(info);
+                goto error;
+            }
+            if (PyDict_SetItemString(info, "module", mod) < 0) {
+                Py_DECREF(mod);
+                Py_DECREF(info);
+                goto error;
+            }
+            Py_DECREF(mod);
+        }
+
+        if (pdesc->fun != NULL) {
+            PyObject *fun = PyUnicode_FromString(pdesc->fun);
+            if (fun == NULL) {
+                Py_DECREF(info);
+                goto error;
+            }
+            if (PyDict_SetItemString(info, "function", fun) < 0) {
+                Py_DECREF(fun);
+                Py_DECREF(info);
+                goto error;
+            }
+            Py_DECREF(fun);
+        }
+
+        if (pdesc->prb != NULL) {
+            PyObject *prb = PyUnicode_FromString(pdesc->prb);
+            if (prb == NULL) {
+                Py_DECREF(info);
+                goto error;
+            }
+            if (PyDict_SetItemString(info, "name", prb) < 0) {
+                Py_DECREF(prb);
+                Py_DECREF(info);
+                goto error;
+            }
+            Py_DECREF(prb);
+        }
+
+        if (PyDict_SetItemString(probe, "probe", info) < 0) {
+            Py_DECREF(info);
+            goto error;
+        }
+        Py_DECREF(info);
+    }
+
+    if (PyList_Append(ctx->probes, probe) < 0)
+        goto error;
+
+    ctx->current_probe = probe;
+    ctx->records = records;
+
+    Py_DECREF(stid);
+    Py_DECREF(cpu);
+    Py_DECREF(flow);
+    Py_DECREF(indent);
+    Py_DECREF(records);
+    Py_XDECREF(prefix);
+    Py_DECREF(probe);
+
+    return DTRACE_CONSUME_THIS;
+
+error:
+    ctx->aborted = 1;
+    Py_XDECREF(probe);
+    Py_XDECREF(records);
+    Py_XDECREF(stid);
+    Py_XDECREF(cpu);
+    Py_XDECREF(flow);
+    Py_XDECREF(indent);
+    Py_XDECREF(prefix);
+    return DTRACE_CONSUME_ABORT;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+PyDTraceSession_work(PyDTraceSession *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+{
+    static char *kwlist[] = {"return_records", NULL};
+    PyObject *captures = Py_False;
+    work_ctx_t ctx = {0};
+    PyObject *status_obj = NULL;
+    PyObject *result = NULL;
+    int status;
+
+    if (ensure_open(self) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "|O", kwlist, &captures))
+        return NULL;
+
+    ctx.capture = PyObject_IsTrue(captures);
+    if (ctx.capture < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    ctx.session = self;
+
+    if (ctx.capture) {
+        ctx.probes = PyList_New(0);
+        if (ctx.probes == NULL)
+            return NULL;
+    }
+
+    status = dtrace_work(self->dtp, self->fp, consume_probe, consume_rec, &ctx);
+
+    if (ctx.capture && ctx.aborted) {
+        Py_XDECREF(ctx.probes);
+        return raise_dtrace_error(self, "dtrace_work");
+    }
+
+    if (status == DTRACE_STATUS_OKAY && self->pids > 0 && self->pids_live == 0)
+        status = DTRACE_STATUS_EXITED;
+
+    status_obj = PyLong_FromLong(status);
+    if (status_obj == NULL) {
+        Py_XDECREF(ctx.probes);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (ctx.probes == NULL) {
+        ctx.probes = PyList_New(0);
+        if (ctx.probes == NULL) {
+            Py_DECREF(status_obj);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    result = PyTuple_Pack(2, status_obj, ctx.probes);
+    Py_DECREF(status_obj);
+    Py_DECREF(ctx.probes);
+    return result;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+PyDTraceSession_agg_snap(PyDTraceSession *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
+{
+    if (ensure_open(self) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (dtrace_aggregate_snap(self->dtp) != 0)
+        return raise_dtrace_error(self, "dtrace_aggregate_snap");
+
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+PyDTraceSession_agg_clear(PyDTraceSession *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
+{
+    if (ensure_open(self) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    dtrace_aggregate_clear(self->dtp);
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+static dtrace_aggregate_walk_f *
+resolve_agg_walk(const char *mode)
+{
+    if (mode == NULL || strcmp(mode, "default") == 0)
+        return dtrace_aggregate_walk;
+    if (strcmp(mode, "keys") == 0)
+        return dtrace_aggregate_walk_keysorted;
+    if (strcmp(mode, "values") == 0)
+        return dtrace_aggregate_walk_valsorted;
+    if (strcmp(mode, "keyrev") == 0)
+        return dtrace_aggregate_walk_keyrevsorted;
+    if (strcmp(mode, "valrev") == 0)
+        return dtrace_aggregate_walk_valrevsorted;
+    if (strcmp(mode, "keyvar") == 0)
+        return dtrace_aggregate_walk_keyvarsorted;
+    if (strcmp(mode, "valvar") == 0)
+        return dtrace_aggregate_walk_valvarsorted;
+    if (strcmp(mode, "keyvarrev") == 0)
+        return dtrace_aggregate_walk_keyvarrevsorted;
+    if (strcmp(mode, "valvarrev") == 0)
+        return dtrace_aggregate_walk_valvarrevsorted;
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+PyDTraceSession_agg_walk(PyDTraceSession *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+{
+    static char *kwlist[] = {"mode", NULL};
+    const char *mode = "values";
+    dtrace_aggregate_walk_f *walker = NULL;
+    agg_walk_ctx_t ctx;
+    int rc;
+
+    if (ensure_open(self) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "|s", kwlist, &mode))
+        return NULL;
+
+    walker = resolve_agg_walk(mode);
+    if (walker == NULL) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "unknown aggregation walk mode");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    ctx.list = PyList_New(0);
+    if (ctx.list == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    ctx.session = self;
+
+    rc = walker(self->dtp, agg_walk_callback, &ctx);
+    if (rc != 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(ctx.list);
+        return raise_dtrace_error(self, "dtrace_aggregate_walk");
+    }
+
+    return ctx.list;
+}
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+/* PyDTraceProc                                                              */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static PyObject *
+PyDTraceProc_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+{
+    UNUSED(args);
+    UNUSED(kwds);
+    PyDTraceProc *self = (PyDTraceProc *)type->tp_alloc(type, 0);
+    if (self != NULL) {
+        self->session = NULL;
+        self->proc = NULL;
+    }
+    return (PyObject *)self;
+}
+
+static void
+PyDTraceProc_dealloc(PyDTraceProc *self)
+{
+    if (self->session) {
+        if (self->proc && self->session->dtp)
+            dtrace_proc_release(self->session->dtp, self->proc);
+
+        Py_XDECREF(self->session);
+    }
+    PyObject_Del(self);
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+PyDTraceProc_getpid(PyDTraceProc *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
+{
+    int pid = 0;
+    
+    if (self->session)
+        pid = dtrace_proc_getpid(self->session->dtp, self->proc);
+
+    return PyLong_FromLong(pid);
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef PyDTraceProc_methods[] = {
+    {"getpid", (PyCFunction)PyDTraceProc_getpid, METH_NOARGS, "Get pid."},
+    {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
+};
+
+static PyTypeObject PyDTraceProcType = {
+     PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
+    .tp_name = "dtrace.DTraceProc",
+    .tp_basicsize = sizeof(PyDTraceProc),
+    .tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,
+    .tp_new = PyDTraceProc_new,
+    .tp_dealloc = (destructor)PyDTraceProc_dealloc,
+    .tp_methods = PyDTraceProc_methods,
+};
+
+#define PROC_CREATE_ARGC_MAX	32
+
+static PyObject *
+PyDTraceSession_proc_create(PyDTraceSession *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+{
+    static char *kwlist[] = {"args", NULL};
+    PyObject *arglist = NULL;
+    PyObject *encoded[PROC_CREATE_ARGC_MAX] = {};
+    char *argvlist[PROC_CREATE_ARGC_MAX + 1];
+    struct dtrace_proc *proc = NULL;
+    PyDTraceProc *retproc;
+    PyObject *ret = NULL;
+    Py_ssize_t i, size;
+
+    if (ensure_open(self) < 0)
+	return NULL;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "O!", kwlist, &PyList_Type,
+				     &arglist))
+        return NULL;
+    size = PyList_Size(arglist);
+    if (size < 1) {
+	PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "empty arglist for proc_create");
+	return NULL;
+    }
+    if (size >= PROC_CREATE_ARGC_MAX) {
+	PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "too many arguments for proc_create");
+	return NULL;
+    }
+    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+	PyObject *item = PyList_GetItem(arglist, i);
+
+	if (!PyUnicode_Check(item)) {
+	    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "non-string in argument list");
+	    goto error;
+	}
+	encoded[i] = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(item);
+	if (encoded[i] == NULL)
+		goto error;
+	argvlist[i] = PyBytes_AS_STRING(encoded[i]);
+    }	
+    argvlist[i] = NULL;
+    proc = dtrace_proc_create(self->dtp, argvlist[0], argvlist, 0);
+    if (proc == NULL)
+	goto error_raise;
+
+    ret = PyDTraceProcType.tp_alloc(&PyDTraceProcType, 0);
+    if (ret == NULL)
+	goto error;
+    self->pids++;
+    retproc = (PyDTraceProc *)ret;
+    retproc->session= self;
+    Py_INCREF(self);
+    retproc->proc = proc;
+    for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
+	Py_DECREF(encoded[i]);
+
+    return ret;
+
+error_raise:
+    ret = raise_dtrace_error(self, "dtrace_proc_create");
+error:
+    while (i-- > 0)
+	Py_XDECREF(encoded[i]);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+PyDTraceSession_proc_grab_pid(PyDTraceSession *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+{
+    static char *kwlist[] = {"pid", NULL};
+    struct dtrace_proc *proc = NULL;
+    PyDTraceProc *retproc;
+    PyObject *ret;
+    int pid;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "i", kwlist, &pid))
+	return NULL;
+
+    proc = dtrace_proc_grab_pid(self->dtp, pid, 0);
+    if (!proc)
+	return raise_dtrace_error(self, "dtrace_proc_grab_pid");
+    ret = PyDTraceProcType.tp_alloc(&PyDTraceProcType, 0);
+    if (ret == NULL)
+	return ret;
+    self->pids++;
+    retproc = (PyDTraceProc *)ret;
+    retproc->session = self;
+    Py_INCREF(self);
+    retproc->proc = proc;
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+PyDTraceSession_proc_continue(PyDTraceSession *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+{
+    static char *kwlist[] = {"proc", NULL};
+    PyDTraceProc *proc = NULL;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "O!", kwlist, &PyDTraceProcType,
+					 &proc))
+        return NULL;
+    if (proc->session != self) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "proc was created by a different session");
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+
+    dtrace_proc_continue(self->dtp, proc->proc);
+    self->pids_live++;
+
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+PyDTraceSession_proc_release(PyDTraceSession *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
+{
+    static char *kwlist[] = {"proc", NULL};
+    PyDTraceProc *proc;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "O!", kwlist, &PyDTraceProcType,
+                                     &proc))
+        return NULL;
+
+    dtrace_proc_release(self->dtp, proc->proc);
+
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef PyDTraceSession_methods[] = {
+    {"close", (PyCFunction)PyDTraceSession_close, METH_NOARGS, "Close the session."},
+    {"__enter__", (PyCFunction)PyDTraceSession_enter, METH_NOARGS, "Context manager entry."},
+    {"__exit__", (PyCFunction)PyDTraceSession_exit, METH_VARARGS, "Context manager exit."},
+    {"setopt", (PyCFunction)PyDTraceSession_setopt, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, "Set a DTrace option."},
+    {"compile", (PyCFunction)PyDTraceSession_compile, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, "Compile a program from a string."},
+    {"enable", (PyCFunction)PyDTraceSession_enable, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, "Enable a compiled program."},
+    {"go", (PyCFunction)PyDTraceSession_go, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, "Start tracing."},
+    {"stop", (PyCFunction)PyDTraceSession_stop, METH_NOARGS, "Stop tracing."},
+    {"update", (PyCFunction)PyDTraceSession_update, METH_NOARGS, "Update module cache."},
+    {"status", (PyCFunction)PyDTraceSession_status, METH_NOARGS, "Retrieve tracing status."},
+    {"work", (PyCFunction)PyDTraceSession_work, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, "Do consumer loop work."},
+    {"agg_snap", (PyCFunction)PyDTraceSession_agg_snap, METH_NOARGS, "Snapshot aggregation buffers."},
+    {"agg_clear", (PyCFunction)PyDTraceSession_agg_clear, METH_NOARGS, "Clear aggregation buffers."},
+    {"agg_walk", (PyCFunction)PyDTraceSession_agg_walk, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, "Return aggregation results."},
+    {"proc_create", (PyCFunction)PyDTraceSession_proc_create, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, "Create process with args for tracing."},
+    {"proc_grab_pid", (PyCFunction)PyDTraceSession_proc_grab_pid, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, "Grab pid."},
+    {"proc_continue", (PyCFunction)PyDTraceSession_proc_continue, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, "Continue proc execution."},
+    {"proc_release", (PyCFunction)PyDTraceSession_proc_release, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS, "Relase proc."},
+    {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
+};
+
+static PyTypeObject PyDTraceSessionType = {
+    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
+    .tp_name = "dtrace.DTraceSession",
+    .tp_basicsize = sizeof(PyDTraceSession),
+    .tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,
+    .tp_new = PyDTraceSession_new,
+    .tp_init = (initproc)PyDTraceSession_init,
+    .tp_dealloc = (destructor)PyDTraceSession_dealloc,
+    .tp_methods = PyDTraceSession_methods,
+};
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+/* Module definition                                                         */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static struct PyModuleDef pydtrace_module = {
+    PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
+    .m_name = "dtrace",
+    .m_doc = "Python bindings for libdtrace.",
+    .m_size = -1,
+};
+
+PyMODINIT_FUNC
+PyInit_dtrace(void)
+{
+    PyObject *m;
+
+    if (PyType_Ready(&PyDTraceSessionType) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+    if (PyType_Ready(&PyDTraceProgramType) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+    if (PyType_Ready(&PyDTraceProcType) < 0)
+	    return NULL;
+
+    m = PyModule_Create(&pydtrace_module);
+    if (m == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    PyExc_DTraceError = PyErr_NewException("dtrace.DTraceError", PyExc_RuntimeError, NULL);
+    if (PyExc_DTraceError == NULL) {
+        Py_DECREF(m);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    Py_INCREF(&PyDTraceSessionType);
+    if (PyModule_AddObject(m, "DTraceSession", (PyObject *)&PyDTraceSessionType) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(&PyDTraceSessionType);
+        Py_DECREF(m);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    Py_INCREF(&PyDTraceProgramType);
+    if (PyModule_AddObject(m, "DTraceProgram", (PyObject *)&PyDTraceProgramType) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(&PyDTraceProgramType);
+        Py_DECREF(m);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    Py_INCREF(&PyDTraceProcType);
+     if (PyModule_AddObject(m, "DTraceProc", (PyObject *)&PyDTraceProcType) < 0) {
+         Py_DECREF(&PyDTraceProcType);
+         Py_DECREF(m);
+         return NULL;
+    }
+
+    Py_INCREF(PyExc_DTraceError);
+    if (PyModule_AddObject(m, "DTraceError", PyExc_DTraceError) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(PyExc_DTraceError);
+        Py_DECREF(m);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (PyModule_AddIntConstant(m, "DTRACE_VERSION", DTRACE_VERSION) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(m);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (PyModule_AddIntConstant(m, "DTRACE_STATUS_NONE", DTRACE_STATUS_NONE) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(m);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (PyModule_AddIntConstant(m, "DTRACE_STATUS_OKAY", DTRACE_STATUS_OKAY) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(m);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (PyModule_AddIntConstant(m, "DTRACE_STATUS_EXITED", DTRACE_STATUS_EXITED) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(m);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (PyModule_AddIntConstant(m, "DTRACE_STATUS_FILLED", DTRACE_STATUS_FILLED) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(m);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (PyModule_AddIntConstant(m, "DTRACE_STATUS_STOPPED", DTRACE_STATUS_STOPPED) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(m);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (PyModule_AddIntConstant(m, "DTRACE_WORKSTATUS_DONE", DTRACE_WORKSTATUS_DONE) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(m);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (PyModule_AddIntConstant(m, "DTRACE_WORKSTATUS_OKAY", DTRACE_WORKSTATUS_OKAY) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(m);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return m;
+}
diff --git a/configure b/configure
index 403b1a09..1927b17f 100755
--- a/configure
+++ b/configure
@@ -112,6 +112,7 @@ EOF
         make help-overrides-header help-overrides-option
         cat >&2 <<'EOF'
 --with-systemd=[yes/no]		Install the systemd unit files (default: yes)
+--with-python=[yes/no]		Build the Python bindings (default: yes)
 EOF
         echo >&2
         make help-overrides
@@ -199,6 +200,8 @@ for option in "$@"; do
         --kernel-obj-suffix=*) write_make_var KERNELBLDNAME "$option";;
         --with-systemd|--with-systemd=y*) write_make_var WITH_SYSTEMD "y";;
         --with-systemd=n*|--without-systemd) write_make_var WITH_SYSTEMD "";;
+        --with-python|--with-python=y*) write_make_var WITH_PYTHON "y";;
+        --with-python=n*|--without-python) write_make_var WITH_PYTHON "";;
         HAVE_ELF_GETSHDRSTRNDX=*) write_config_var ELF_GETSHDRSTRNDX "$option";;
         --with-libctf=*) write_config_var LIBCTF "$option";;
         HAVE_LIBCTF=*) write_config_var LIBCTF "$option";;
@@ -245,4 +248,3 @@ cat build/.config/*.h > build/config.h
 cat build/.config/*.mk > build/config.mk
 
 exit 0
-
-- 
2.43.5




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